Latest revision as of 11:04, 3 June 2026

Relevant Literature

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Gannon, Susan R. "'200 Rattling Pictures': True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer." The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism, edited by Beverly Lyon Clark, Norton, 2007, pp. 353–377.

Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer book illustrations

Wonham, Henry B. "'I Want a Real Coon': Twain and Ethnic Caricature." Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism, edited by Henry B. Wonham, Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 69–100.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Caricatures and cartoons Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Newell, Kate. "'You don't know about me without you have read a book': Authenticity in Adaptations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Literature/Film Quarterly, 41, 4, 2013, pp. 303–316.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Holt, Elvin. "A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice." Studies in American Humor, 5, Winter, 1986, pp. 307–318.

Kemble, Edward W. illustrations

Sonstegard, Adam. "Artistic Liberty and Slave Imagery: 'Mark Twain's Illustrator,' E. W. Kemble, Turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe." Nineteenth-Century Literature, 63, 4, 2009, pp. 499–524.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Leonard, James S. et al. Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing. Locust Hill, 1994.

Authorship Collaboration

Pereira, Nilce M. "Book Illustration as (Intersemiotic) Translation: Pictures Translating Words." Meta, 53, 1, 2008, pp. 104–119.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain book illustrations

Kinghorn, Norton D. "E. W. Kemble's Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain Journal, 16, 4, 1973, pp. 9–11.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Railton, Stephen. Illustrating Pudd'nhead. University of Virginia Library.🔗.

Kemble, Edward W. Pudd'nhead Wilson

this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract ...

Railton, Stephen. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

Dumas, Frédéric. "Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress." ILCEA, 43, June, 2021, pp. 1–19.🔗.

Mark Twain Roughing It book illustrations

Teutsch, Matthew. Illustrations in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Interminable Rambling.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

Barclay, Donald A. "Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators' Visions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Horn Book Magazine, 68, May, 1992, pp. 311–319.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Briden, Earl F. "Kemble's 'Specialty' and the Pictorial Countertext of Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain Journal, 26, 2, 1988, pp. 2–14.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Inge, M. Thomas. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard's Collaborative Connecticut Yankee." Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing, edited by James S. Leonard et al., Locust Hill, 1994, pp. 169–227.🔗.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Mark Twain book illustrations

David, Beverly R. Mark Twain and His Illustrators. Whitston, 1986.

book illustrations

David, Beverly R. Mark Twain and His Illustrators. Whitston, 2001.

book illustrations

David, Beverly R. "Mark Twain and the Legends for Huckleberry Finn." American Literary Realism, 15, 12, 1982, pp. 155–165.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Schmidt, Barbara. Mark Twain Uniform Editions, Chapter 17, Pudd'nhead Wilson. Twainquotes.com.🔗.

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Edward Windsor Kemble, Illustrator <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Edward Windsor Kemble (b. 1861 - d. 1933) was born in Sacramento, California, the son of Edward Cleveland Kemble who founded the San Francisco Alta California. His first attempts at drawing were those of Indians drawn when he was about eleven years old and traveling with his father throughout the West. In the winter of 1880-1881 he attended class in New York at the Art Students' League. After that brief stint, Kemble became largely self-taught and obtained a job as a cartoonist at New York's Daily Graphic. When Life magazine was founded in 1883 he became a contributor to that publication. When Clemens saw some of his Negro drawings in Life magazine, he recruited him to illustrate the first edition of Huckleberry Finn. After the success of Huckleberry Finn, Century magazine made him an offer for all of his work outside of book publications. He remained with Century until 1891. Kemble died in 1933 with a lengthy list of book illustration work to his credit. In a letter from Kemble to Frank Bliss dated May 16, 1898, Kemble told Bliss he would be happy to join the "goodly company" of artists and provide illustrations for "a volume of Mark Twain." Bliss had also awarded Kemble the illustrating assignment for the 1899 edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For Pudd'nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins, Kemble provided six new full-page pictures to illustrate the Pudd'nhead Wilson chapters of the book. One of Kemble's illustrations titled "Buckstone Training with the Rum Party" was hand-colored and used as the frontispiece for the 1901 <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-f.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Riverdale Edition</a>. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Kemble's previous style of depicting black people as unattractive caricatures was unchanged throughout Pudd'nhead Wilson. His drawings of the central character Roxy, who was only 1/16 black, depict a less attractive woman than the illustrations of her by <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Louis Loeb which had appeared in the </a><a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Century Magazine</a> serialization. Kemble's image would be the one presented to the greatest number of American readers for years to come and one illustration in particular became the source of scholarly misidentification and misinterpretation. The 1899 edition of Pudd'nhead Wilson features two illustrations of Roxy, both in the company of blacks. In 1901 American Publishing Company authorized the <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-e.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Underwood Edition</a> which contained fewer illustrations. Only one illustration of Roxy was used and it was featured prominently as a frontispiece. The decision to present the below illustration as the first one a reader would see was repeated by Harper and Brothers in subsequent uniform editions. It has been a source of misunderstanding for critics who were not adept at reading the picture and who never had an opportunity to see Kemble's other illustration of Roxy.One of the most prominent Mark Twain scholars to criticize Kemble for misinterpretating Mark Twain's work was Leslie Fiedler. In Fiedler's review titled "As Free as Any Cretur..." published in The New Republic in August 1955 he wrote that the image of Roxy that Twain created was "a portrait so complex and unforeseen that the baffled illustrator for the authorized standard edition chose to ignore it completely, drawing in the place of a 'majestic...rosy...comely' Roxana--a gross and comic Aunt Jemima." In 1987 Martha Banta followed Fiedler's lead in her work Imaging American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History writing: <blockquote> Kemble did not draw the Roxy Mark Twain portrays. He set down the accepted fictions, "the orthodox opinions," governing turn-of-the-century identification of inferior racial types. A stroke of Kemble's pen wipes out the verbal irony by which Mark Twain set up cross-currents among what Roxy looks like, her bottom-nature, and the racial tag placed upon her by society (Banta, p. 182). </blockquote> One of the most cogent discussions of the Kemble misinterpretations is by Werner Sollors in his essay "Was Roxy Black?" published in Mixed Race Literature (2002), edited by Jonathan Brennan. Sollors suggests that Kemble may have "hidden" Roxy in "Harvesting Among the Kitchens" as a conscious way of honoring Mark Twain's sentence "From Roxy's manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, but she was not" (Brennan, p. 82). As a result of publishing decisions to cut illustrations, a number of readers have been guilty of their own hasty stereotyping when glancing at the Kemble frontispiece. No evidence has been found that Mark Twain commented on the usage of "Roxy Harvesting Among the Kitchens" as a frontispiece for the Underwood or subsequent Harper editions. The ensuing controversy the illustration caused is one that he would likely have enjoyed. Further discussion of Kemble's illustrations is available online at the University of Virginia website in an article titled "<a href="http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/pwillshp.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Illustrating Pudd'nhead</a>."

Wonham, Henry B. Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism. Oxford UP, 2004.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Caricatures and cartoons Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

David, Beverly R., and Ray Sapirstein. "Reading the Illustrations in Huckleberry Finn." Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Oxford UP, 1996, pp. 33–40.

Kemble, Edward W.

Anderson, Douglas. "Reading the Pictures of Huckleberry Finn." Arizona Quarterly, 42, Summer, 1986, pp. 101–118.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

Railton, Stephen. Representing Jim, 1885–1985. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

Martin, Adam. See Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations. The Atlantic, 12 May 2011.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher's desk

Nölle-Fischer, Karen. "Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations." Revue française d’études américaines, 17, 1, 1983, pp. 265–282.🔗.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Mark Twain book illustrations

Clark, Beverly Lyon. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. Norton, 2007.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. Smithsonian, 1990.

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Railton, Stephen. The Evasion Will be Illustrated. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

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Anspaugh, Kelly. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble's Illustrations to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." American Literary Realism, 25, 2, 1993, pp. 16–30.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Gneiting, Teona T. "The Pencil's Role in Vanity Fair." Huntington Library Quarterly, 39, 2, 1976, pp. 171–202.🔗.

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David, Beverly R. "The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." American Quarterly, 26, 4, 1974, pp. 331–351.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

David, Beverly R. "The Relationship of Kemble’s Illustrations to Mark Twain’s Text: Using Pictures to Teach Huck Finn." Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom, edited by James S. Leonard, Duke UP, 1999, pp. 216–229.🔗.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

Martin, Francis, Jr. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." Journal of Popular Culture, 40, 4, 2007, pp. 655–682.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy Black? Race as Stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar." Mixed Race Literature, edited by Jonathan Brennan, Stanford UP, 2002, pp. 70–87.

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Bibliography: Difference between revisions

From Illustrations in German Translations of Mark Twain's Works

Latest revision as of 11:04, 3 June 2026

Relevant Literature

Gannon, Susan R. "'200 Rattling Pictures': True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer." The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism, edited by Beverly Lyon Clark, Norton, 2007, pp. 353–377.

Wonham, Henry B. "'I Want a Real Coon': Twain and Ethnic Caricature." Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism, edited by Henry B. Wonham, Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 69–100.

Newell, Kate. "'You don't know about me without you have read a book': Authenticity in Adaptations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Literature/Film Quarterly, 41, 4, 2013, pp. 303–316.

Holt, Elvin. "A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice." Studies in American Humor, 5, Winter, 1986, pp. 307–318.

Sonstegard, Adam. "Artistic Liberty and Slave Imagery: 'Mark Twain's Illustrator,' E. W. Kemble, Turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe." Nineteenth-Century Literature, 63, 4, 2009, pp. 499–524.🔗.

Leonard, James S. et al. Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing. Locust Hill, 1994.

Pereira, Nilce M. "Book Illustration as (Intersemiotic) Translation: Pictures Translating Words." Meta, 53, 1, 2008, pp. 104–119.🔗.

Kinghorn, Norton D. "E. W. Kemble's Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain Journal, 16, 4, 1973, pp. 9–11.🔗.

Railton, Stephen. Illustrating Pudd'nhead. University of Virginia Library.🔗.

Railton, Stephen. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

Dumas, Frédéric. "Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress." ILCEA, 43, June, 2021, pp. 1–19.🔗.

Teutsch, Matthew. Illustrations in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Interminable Rambling.🔗.

Barclay, Donald A. "Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators' Visions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Horn Book Magazine, 68, May, 1992, pp. 311–319.

Briden, Earl F. "Kemble's 'Specialty' and the Pictorial Countertext of Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain Journal, 26, 2, 1988, pp. 2–14.

Inge, M. Thomas. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard's Collaborative Connecticut Yankee." Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing, edited by James S. Leonard et al., Locust Hill, 1994, pp. 169–227.🔗.

David, Beverly R. Mark Twain and His Illustrators. Whitston, 1986.

David, Beverly R. Mark Twain and His Illustrators. Whitston, 2001.

David, Beverly R. "Mark Twain and the Legends for Huckleberry Finn." American Literary Realism, 15, 12, 1982, pp. 155–165.🔗.

Schmidt, Barbara. Mark Twain Uniform Editions, Chapter 17, Pudd'nhead Wilson. Twainquotes.com.🔗.

Wonham, Henry B. Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism. Oxford UP, 2004.

David, Beverly R., and Ray Sapirstein. "Reading the Illustrations in Huckleberry Finn." Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Oxford UP, 1996, pp. 33–40.

Anderson, Douglas. "Reading the Pictures of Huckleberry Finn." Arizona Quarterly, 42, Summer, 1986, pp. 101–118.

Railton, Stephen. Representing Jim, 1885–1985. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

Martin, Adam. See Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations. The Atlantic, 12 May 2011.🔗.

Nölle-Fischer, Karen. "Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations." Revue française d’études américaines, 17, 1, 1983, pp. 265–282.🔗.

Clark, Beverly Lyon. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. Norton, 2007.

Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. Smithsonian, 1990.

Railton, Stephen. The Evasion Will be Illustrated. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

Anspaugh, Kelly. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble's Illustrations to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." American Literary Realism, 25, 2, 1993, pp. 16–30.🔗.

Gneiting, Teona T. "The Pencil's Role in Vanity Fair." Huntington Library Quarterly, 39, 2, 1976, pp. 171–202.🔗.

David, Beverly R. "The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." American Quarterly, 26, 4, 1974, pp. 331–351.

David, Beverly R. "The Relationship of Kemble’s Illustrations to Mark Twain’s Text: Using Pictures to Teach Huck Finn." Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom, edited by James S. Leonard, Duke UP, 1999, pp. 216–229.🔗.

Martin, Francis, Jr. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." Journal of Popular Culture, 40, 4, 2007, pp. 655–682.

Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy Black? Race as Stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar." Mixed Race Literature, edited by Jonathan Brennan, Stanford UP, 2002, pp. 70–87.

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+<h3>Gannon, Susan R. "&#x27;200 Rattling Pictures&#x27;: True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</i>." <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism</i>, edited by Beverly Lyon Clark, Norton, 2007, pp. 353–377.</h3>
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-  <h3>Unknown Author, and Unknown Author. <i>Was Roxy black? Race as stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar</i>. <i>Mixed Race Literature</i>. 2002.</h3>
+ <h3>Wonham, Henry B. "&#x27;I Want a Real Coon&#x27;: Twain and Ethnic Caricature." <i>Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism</i>, edited by Henry B. Wonham, Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 69–100.</h3>
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-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch 17--Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson." unknown. <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh17.html" target="_blank">http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh17.html</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Newell, Kate. "&#x27;You don&#x27;t know about me without you have read a book&#x27;: Authenticity in Adaptations of <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Literature/Film Quarterly</i>, 41, 4, 2013, pp. 303–316.</h3>
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-  <h3>Unknown Author. "Representing Jim, 1885-1985." unknown. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/jiminpix.html" target="_blank">https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/jiminpix.html</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Sonstegard, Adam. "Artistic Liberty and Slave Imagery: &#x27;Mark Twain&#x27;s Illustrator,&#x27; E. W. Kemble, Turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe." <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>, 63, 4, 2009, pp. 499–524.<a href=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.499>🔗</a>.</h3>
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+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="authorship collaboration">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble." unknown. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/hucillhp.html" target="_blank">https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/hucillhp.html</a>.</h3>
+   <h3>Leonard, James S. et al. <i>Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing</i>. Locust Hill, 1994.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Authorship</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+    <span class="tag">Collaboration</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+     <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 7 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>unknown. "Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead." unknown. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html" target="_blank">https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Pereira, Nilce M. "Book Illustration as (Intersemiotic) Translation: Pictures Translating Words." <i>Meta</i>, 53, 1, 2008, pp. 104–119.<a href="https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/017977ar">🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="untagged">untagged</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+    <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 8 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w pudd'nhead_wilson">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Illustrating _Pudd&#x27;nhead_." unknown. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html" target="_blank">https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html</a>.</h3>
+   <h3>Kinghorn, Norton D. "E. W. Kemble's Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>, 16, 4, 1973, pp. 9–11.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41640965>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="pudd'nhead_wilson">Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 9 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w puddnhead_wilson">
-  <h3>unknown. "Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead." unknown. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html" target="_blank">https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating <em>Pudd&#x27;nhead</em></i>. University of Virginia Library.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="untagged">untagged</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+    <span class="tag">Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson</span>
+  </div>
+   <p class="short-abstract">this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract ...</p>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>this is a second test note</p>
+<p>this is a test note</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 10 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
-  <h3>Unknown Author, and Unknown Author. <i>The relationship of Kemble’s illustrations to Mark Twain’s text: using pictures to teach Huck Finn</i>. <i>Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom</i>. 1999. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv111jjk2.18" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv111jjk2.18</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/hucillhp.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
-  <div class="abstract hidden">
-    <p>No abstract available.</p>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-</div>
-<!-- 11 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author, and Unknown Author. <i>&#x27;I Want a Real Coon&#x27;: Twain and Ethnic Caricature</i>. <i>Playing the races: ethnic caricature and American literary realism</i>. 2004.</h3>
-  <div class="bib-tags">
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="caricatures_and_cartoons">Caricatures and cartoons</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
-  </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
    </div>
-</div>
-<!-- 12 -->
+   <div class="notes hidden">
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+     <p>Mark Twain in His Times Project. Accessed 19 February 2026.</p>
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "&#x27;You don&#x27;t know about me without you have read a book&#x27;: Authenticity in Adaptations of &#x27;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&#x27;." <i>Literature/Film Quarterly</i>. 2013.</h3>
-   <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
-  </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
-  <div class="abstract hidden">
-    <p>No abstract available.</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 13 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain roughing_it book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." <i>The Journal of Popular Culture</i>. 2007.</h3>
+<h3>Dumas, Frédéric. "Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s <i>Roughing It</i> and John Gast’s <i>American Progress</i>." <i>ILCEA</i>, 43, June, 2021, pp. 1–19.<a href=http://journals.openedition.org/ilcea/13250>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Roughing It</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 14 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for &#x27;Huckleberry Finn&#x27;." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>. Summ. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41640965" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41640965</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Teutsch, Matthew. <i>Illustrations in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."</i> Interminable Rambling.<a href=https://interminablerambling.com/2018/10/18/10351/>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+  </div>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 15 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. <i>Playing the races: ethnic caricature and American literary realism</i>. 2004.</h3>
+<h3>Barclay, Donald A. "Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators&#x27; Visions of <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Horn Book Magazine</i>, 68, May, 1992, pp. 311–319.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="caricatures_and_cartoons">Caricatures and cartoons</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 16 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "Illustrations in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”." unknown. <a href="https://interminablerambling.com/2018/10/18/10351/" target="_blank">https://interminablerambling.com/2018/10/18/10351/</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Briden, Earl F. "Kemble&#x27;s &#x27;Specialty&#x27; and the Pictorial Countertext of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>, 26, 2, 1988, pp. 2–14.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+    <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 17 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthurs_court mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "Artistic liberty and slave imagery: ‘Mark Twain&#x27;s illustrator,&#x27; E. W. Kemble, turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe." <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>. Marc. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.499" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.499</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Inge, M. Thomas. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard&#x27;s Collaborative <i>Connecticut Yankee</i>." <i>Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing</i>, edited by James S. Leonard et al., Locust Hill, 1994, pp. 169–227.<a href=https://archive.org/details/authoritytextual0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 18 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="book_illustrations">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Mark Twain and the Legends for &quot;Huckleberry Finn&quot;." <i>American Literary Realism</i>. Autu. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746050" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746050</a>.</h3>
+   <h3>David, Beverly R. <i>Mark Twain and His Illustrators</i>. Whitston, 1986.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+  </div>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+  <div class="button-row">
+     <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 19 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="book_illustrations">
-   <h3>Unknown Author, et al.. <i>Reading the illustrations in Huckleberry Finn</i>. <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>. 1996.</h3>
+   <h3>David, Beverly R. <i>Mark Twain and His Illustrators</i>. Whitston, 2001.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 20 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators&#x27; Visions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." <i>Horn Book Magazine</i>. 1992.</h3>
+   <h3>David, Beverly R. "Mark Twain and the Legends for <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>American Literary Realism</i>, 15, 12, 1982, pp. 155–165.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746050>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 21 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Reading the Pictures of Huckleberry Finn." <i>Arizona Quarterly</i>. 1986.</h3>
+<h3>Schmidt, Barbara. <i>Mark Twain Uniform Editions, Chapter 17, Pudd'nhead Wilson</i>. Twainquotes.com.<a href=https://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh17.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>&lt;strong&gt;Edward Windsor Kemble, Illustrator&lt;/strong&gt;
+&lt;table&gt;
+&lt;tbody&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td&gt;
+&lt;strong&gt;Edward Windsor Kemble&lt;/strong&gt; (b. 1861 - d. 1933) &lt;br&gt;was born in Sacramento, California, the son of Edward Cleveland Kemble who founded the &lt;em&gt;San Francisco Alta California&lt;/em&gt;. His first attempts at drawing were those of Indians drawn when he was about eleven years old and traveling with his father throughout the West. In the winter of 1880-1881 he attended class in New York at the Art Students&#x27; League. After that brief stint, Kemble became largely self-taught and obtained a job as a cartoonist at New York&#x27;s &lt;em&gt;Daily Graphic&lt;/em&gt;. When &lt;em&gt;Life &lt;/em&gt;magazine was founded in 1883 he became a contributor to that publication. When Clemens saw some of his Negro drawings in &lt;em&gt;Life&lt;/em&gt; magazine, he recruited him to illustrate the first edition of &lt;em&gt;Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;. After the success of &lt;em&gt;Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Century&lt;/em&gt; magazine made him an offer for all of his work outside of book publications. He remained with &lt;em&gt;Century&lt;/em&gt; until 1891. Kemble died in 1933 with a lengthy list of book illustration work to his credit.
+In a letter from Kemble to Frank Bliss dated May 16, 1898, Kemble told Bliss he would be happy to join the &quot;goodly company&quot; of artists and provide illustrations for &quot;a volume of Mark Twain.&quot; Bliss had also awarded Kemble the illustrating assignment for the 1899 edition of &lt;em&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;. For &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins&lt;/em&gt;, Kemble provided six new full-page pictures to illustrate the &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt; chapters of the book.
+One of Kemble&#x27;s illustrations titled &quot;Buckstone Training with the Rum Party&quot; was hand-colored and used as the frontispiece for the 1901 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-f.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Riverdale Edition&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+Kemble&#x27;s previous style of depicting black people as unattractive caricatures was unchanged throughout &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt;. His drawings of the central character Roxy, who was only 1/16 black, depict a less attractive woman than the illustrations of her by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Louis Loeb which had appeared in the &lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Century Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; serialization. Kemble&#x27;s image would be the one presented to the greatest number of American readers for years to come and one illustration in particular became the source of scholarly misidentification and misinterpretation.
+The 1899 edition of &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt; features two illustrations of Roxy, both in the company of blacks. In 1901 American Publishing Company authorized the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-e.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Underwood Edition&lt;/a&gt; which contained fewer illustrations. Only one illustration of Roxy was used and it was featured prominently as a frontispiece. The decision to present the below illustration as the first one a reader would see was repeated by Harper and Brothers in subsequent uniform editions. It has been a source of misunderstanding for critics who were not adept at reading the picture and who never had an opportunity to see Kemble&#x27;s other illustration of Roxy.One of the most prominent Mark Twain scholars to criticize Kemble for misinterpretating Mark Twain&#x27;s work was Leslie Fiedler. In Fiedler&#x27;s review titled &quot;As Free as Any Cretur...&quot; published in &lt;em&gt;The New Republic&lt;/em&gt; in August 1955 he wrote that the image of Roxy that Twain created was &quot;a portrait so complex and unforeseen that the baffled illustrator for the authorized standard edition chose to ignore it completely, drawing in the place of a &#x27;majestic...rosy...comely&#x27; Roxana--a gross and comic Aunt Jemima.&quot;
+In 1987 Martha Banta followed Fiedler&#x27;s lead in her work &lt;em&gt;Imaging American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History &lt;/em&gt;writing:
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+Kemble did not draw the Roxy Mark Twain portrays. He set down the accepted fictions, &quot;the orthodox opinions,&quot; governing turn-of-the-century identification of inferior racial types. A stroke of Kemble&#x27;s pen wipes out the verbal irony by which Mark Twain set up cross-currents among what Roxy looks like, her bottom-nature, and the racial tag placed upon her by society (Banta, p. 182).
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+One of the most cogent discussions of the Kemble misinterpretations is by Werner Sollors in his essay &quot;Was Roxy Black?&quot; published in &lt;em&gt;Mixed Race Literature&lt;/em&gt; (2002), edited by Jonathan Brennan. Sollors suggests that Kemble may have &quot;hidden&quot; Roxy in &quot;Harvesting Among the Kitchens&quot; as a conscious way of honoring Mark Twain&#x27;s sentence &quot;From Roxy&#x27;s manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, but she was not&quot; (Brennan, p. 82). As a result of publishing decisions to cut illustrations, a number of readers have been guilty of their own hasty stereotyping when glancing at the Kemble frontispiece. No evidence has been found that Mark Twain commented on the usage of &quot;Roxy Harvesting Among the Kitchens&quot; as a frontispiece for the Underwood or subsequent Harper editions. The ensuing controversy the illustration caused is one that he would likely have enjoyed.
+Further discussion of Kemble&#x27;s illustrations is available online at the University of Virginia website in an article titled &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/pwillshp.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 22 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." <i>American Quarterly</i>. Oct..</h3>
+   <h3>Wonham, Henry B. <i>Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism</i>. Oxford UP, 2004.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Caricatures and cartoons</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>Introduction: the age of caricature, the age of realism -- William Dean Howells and the touch of exaggeration which typifies -- &quot;I want a real coon&quot;: Twain and ethnic caricature -- A Jamesian art to be cultivated -- Edith Wharton&#x27;s flamboyant copy -- The &quot;curious realism&quot; of Charles Chesnutt</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 23 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Kemble&#x27;s &#x27;Specialty&#x27; and the Pictorial Countertext of Huckleberry Finn." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>. 1988.</h3>
+   <h3>David, Beverly R., and Ray Sapirstein. "Reading the Illustrations in <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Oxford UP, 1996, pp. 33–40.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>Scholarly material added to the back of the novel; separate pagination from the main text</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 24 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Illustrations to &#x27;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&#x27;." <i>American Literary Realism</i>. Wint. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746526" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746526</a>.</h3>
+ <h3>Anderson, Douglas. "Reading the Pictures of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Arizona Quarterly</i>, 42, Summer, 1986, pp. 101–118.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+  </div>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>Source: Bibliography in Francis Martin, J R ., “To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art”</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 25 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice." <i>Studies in American Humor</i>. 1986.</h3>
+<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Representing Jim, 1885–1985</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/jiminpix.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="kemble_edward_w">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="illustrations">illustrations</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+     <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 26 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. <i>The adventures of Tom Sawyer: authoritative text, backgrounds and contexts, criticism</i>. 2007.</h3>
+<h3>Martin, Adam. <i>See Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations</i>. The Atlantic, 12 May 2011.<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/2011/05/see-lost-huck-finn-illustrations-edward-ardizzone/350604">🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+  </div>
+   <p class="short-abstract">Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher&#x27;s desk</p>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher&#x27;s desk</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 27 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthurs_court mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "See Edward Ardizzone&#x27;s Lost &#x27;Huck Finn&#x27; Illustrations." 2011. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/05/see-lost-huck-finn-illustrations-edward-ardizzone/350604/" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/05/see-lost-huck-finn-illustrations-edward-ardizzone/350604/</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Nölle-Fischer, Karen. "Selling Mark Twain’s <i>Connecticut Yankee</i> in America: Marketing and Illustrations." <i>Revue française d’études américaines</i>, 17, 1, 1983, pp. 265–282.<a href=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rfea_0397-7870_1983_num_17_1_1131>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
+    <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher&#x27;s desk</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher&#x27;s desk</p>
+     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 28 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Book illustration as (intersemiotic) translation: pictures translating words." <i>Meta</i>. 2008. <a href="http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/017977ar" target="_blank">http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/017977ar</a>.</h3>
+   <h3>Clark, Beverly Lyon. <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism</i>. Norton, 2007.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+     <span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>Includes bibliographical references</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 29 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. <i>The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century</i>. 1990.</h3>
+   <h3>Boime, Albert. <i>The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Smithsonian, 1990.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="untagged">untagged</span>
+     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>Source: Bibliography in Francis Martin, Jr., &quot;To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art&quot;</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 30 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur's_court mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. "Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations." <i>Revue française d’études américaines</i>. 1983. <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rfea_0397-7870_1983_num_17_1_1131" target="_blank">https://www.persee.fr/doc/rfea_0397-7870_1983_num_17_1_1131</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>The Evasion Will be Illustrated</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/HFEvasionIllus.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur's_court">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
+     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+  </div>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 31 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="authorship collaboration">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author, et al.. <i>Author-ity and textuality: current views of collaborative writing</i>. 1994.</h3>
+<h3>Anspaugh, Kelly. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Illustrations to <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>American Literary Realism</i>, 25, 2, 1993, pp. 16–30.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746526>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="authorship">Authorship</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="collaboration">Collaboration</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 32 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
-   <h3>Unknown Author, and Unknown Author. <i>&#x27;200 Rattling Pictures&#x27;: True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</i>. <i>The adventures of Tom Sawyer: authoritative text, backgrounds and contexts, criticism</i>. 2007.</h3>
+   <h3>Gneiting, Teona T. "The Pencil&#x27;s Role in <i>Vanity Fair</i>." <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>, 39, 2, 1976, pp. 171–202.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816940>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
-    <span class="tag" data-tag="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
+  </div>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+     <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p>Not directly relevant for illustrations in MarK Twain’s work</p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 33 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain roughing_it book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-   <h3>Unknown Author. "Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress." <i>ILCEA [Revue de l’Institut des langues et cultures d&#x27;Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie]</i>. 2021. <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/ilcea/13250" target="_blank">http://journals.openedition.org/ilcea/13250</a>.</h3>
+   <h3>David, Beverly R. "The Pictorial <i>Huck Finn</i>: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." <i>American Quarterly</i>, 26, 4, 1974, pp. 331–351.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="roughing_it">Roughing It</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
-   <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
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+   <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
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+  </div>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 34 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. <i>Mark Twain and his illustrators</i>. 1986. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy032/85051269.html" target="_blank">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy032/85051269.html</a>.</h3>
+<h3>David, Beverly R. "The Relationship of Kemble’s Illustrations to Mark Twain’s Text: Using Pictures to Teach <i>Huck Finn</i>." <i>Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom</i>, edited by James S. Leonard, Duke UP, 1999, pp. 216–229.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv111jjk2.18>🔗</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 35 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur's_court mark_twain book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
-  <h3>Unknown Author, et al.. <i>Mark Twain and Dan Beard&#x27;s Collaborative Connecticut Yankee</i>. <i>Author-ity and textuality: current views of collaborative writing</i>. 1994. <a href="https://archive.org/details/authoritytextual0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/authoritytextual0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Martin, Francis, Jr. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." <i>Journal of Popular Culture</i>, 40, 4, 2007, pp. 655–682.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur's_court">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
+     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="mark_twain">Mark Twain</span>
+    <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
-     <span class="tag" data-tag="book_illustrations">book illustrations</span>
+     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
+     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="button-row">
+    <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
+    <button class="expand-btn-notes">Show Notes</button>
    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="notes hidden">
+    <p></p>
    </div>
 </div>
 <!-- 36 -->
-<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="book_illustrations">
+<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
-  <h3>Unknown Author. <i>Mark Twain and his illustrators</i>. 2001. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy032/85051269.html" target="_blank">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy032/85051269.html</a>.</h3>
+<h3>Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy Black? Race as Stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar." <i>Mixed Race Literature</i>, edited by Jonathan Brennan, Stanford UP, 2002, pp. 70–87.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
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    </div>
-  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
-  <button class="expand-btn">Show Abstract</button>
    <div class="abstract hidden">
      <p>No abstract available.</p>
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