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From Illustrations in German Translations of Mark Twain's Works

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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer williams_true_w">


<h3>Gannon, Susan R. "&#x27;200 Rattling Pictures&#x27;: True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</i>." <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism</i>, edited by Beverly Lyon Clark, Norton, 2007, pp. 353–377.</h3>
<h3>Gannon, Susan R. "&#x27;200 Rattling Pictures&#x27;: True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</i>." <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism</i>, edited by Beverly Lyon Clark, Norton, 2007, pp. 353–377.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
     <span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
     <span class="tag">Williams, True W.</span>
<span class="tag">Williams, Truman W.</span>
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations race_and_representation">


  <h3>Wonham, Henry B. "&#x27;I Want a Real Coon&#x27;: Twain and Ethnic Caricature." <i>Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism</i>, edited by Henry B. Wonham, Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 69–100.</h3>
  <h3>Wonham, Henry B. "&#x27;I Want a Real Coon&#x27;: Twain and Ethnic Caricature." <i>Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism</i>, edited by Henry B. Wonham, Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 69–100.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
     <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
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<h3>Holt, Elvin. "A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice." <i>Studies in American Humor</i>, 5, Winter, 1986, pp. 307–318.</h3>
<h3>Holt, Elvin. "A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice." <i>Studies in American Humor</i>, 5, Winter, 1986, pp. 307–318.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">illustrations</span>
     <span class="tag">illustrations</span>
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<h3>Sonstegard, Adam. "Artistic Liberty and Slave Imagery: &#x27;Mark Twain&#x27;s Illustrator,&#x27; E. W. Kemble, Turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe." <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>, 63, 4, 2009, pp. 499–524.<a href=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.499>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Sonstegard, Adam. "Artistic Liberty and Slave Imagery: &#x27;Mark Twain&#x27;s Illustrator,&#x27; E. W. Kemble, Turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe." <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>, 63, 4, 2009, pp. 499–524.<a href=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.499>🔗</a>.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
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     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
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<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating <em>Pudd&#x27;nhead</em></i>. University of Virginia Library.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating <em>Pudd&#x27;nhead</em></i>. University of Virginia Library.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
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     <span class="tag">Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson</span>
     <span class="tag">Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>




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<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/hucillhp.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/hucillhp.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
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     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Roughing It</span>
     <span class="tag">Roughing It</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
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<p class="short-abstract">Mostly set in the American West between 1861 and 1866, Roughing It (1872) is centered on the transformation of Twain’s persona from a greenhorn into ...</p>
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     <p>Mostly set in the American West between 1861 and 1866, Roughing It (1872) is centered on the transformation of Twain’s persona from a greenhorn into a writer and a lecturer. His imagination was driven by mental images that owed a lot to folklore and were conveyed by mainstream iconography and discourse.
Roughing It was published the year when John Gast completed American Progress, also often called “Manifest Destiny”. The image was to become a prominent visual and ideological tool for the promotion of westward advance.
As was the case with other travel books of the period, Roughing It was lavishly adorned; three hundred and four illustrations contributed to its aesthetics and its ideology. The similarities between the frontispiece, “Innocent Dreams” and American Progress suggest common values between national destiny and individual ambition.
This paper starts with a comparative study of American Progress, the original frontispiece of Roughing It and “Innocent Dreams” to delineate the ideological specificity of Twain’s vision. Still relying on the text and its illustrations, it then establishes that Twain’s West is greatly an aesthetic and introspective construct.</p>
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<h3>Teutsch, Matthew. <i>Illustrations in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."</i> Interminable Rambling.<a href=https://interminablerambling.com/2018/10/18/10351/>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Teutsch, Matthew. <i>Illustrations in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."</i> Interminable Rambling.<a href=https://interminablerambling.com/2018/10/18/10351/>🔗</a>.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>
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<h3>Barclay, Donald A. "Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators&#x27; Visions of <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Horn Book Magazine</i>, 68, May, 1992, pp. 311–319.</h3>
<h3>Barclay, Donald A. "Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators&#x27; Visions of <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Horn Book Magazine</i>, 68, May, 1992, pp. 311–319.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
  <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
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<h3>Briden, Earl F. "Kemble&#x27;s &#x27;Specialty&#x27; and the Pictorial Countertext of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>, 26, 2, 1988, pp. 2–14.</h3>
<h3>Briden, Earl F. "Kemble&#x27;s &#x27;Specialty&#x27; and the Pictorial Countertext of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>, 26, 2, 1988, pp. 2–14.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
  <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
<span class="tag">caricatures and cartoons</span>
  <span class="tag">caricatures and cartoons</span>
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<h3>Inge, M. Thomas. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard&#x27;s Collaborative <i>Connecticut Yankee</i>." <i>Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing</i>, edited by James S. Leonard et al., Locust Hill, 1994, pp. 169–227.<a href=https://archive.org/details/authoritytextual0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Inge, M. Thomas. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard&#x27;s Collaborative <i>Connecticut Yankee</i>." <i>Author-ity and Textuality: Current Views of Collaborative Writing</i>, edited by James S. Leonard et al., Locust Hill, 1994, pp. 169–227.<a href=https://archive.org/details/authoritytextual0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up>🔗</a>.</h3>
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     <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
     <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court</span>
    <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
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   <h3>David, Beverly R. <i>Mark Twain and His Illustrators</i>. Whitston, 1986.</h3>
   <h3>David, Beverly R. <i>Mark Twain and His Illustrators. Vol. I. (1869-1875)</i>. Whitston, 1986.</h3>


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   <h3>David, Beverly R. <i>Mark Twain and His Illustrators</i>. Whitston, 2001.</h3>
   <h3>David, Beverly R. <i>Mark Twain and His Illustrators. Vol. II (1875-1883)</i>. Whitston, 2001.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
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<h3>Schmidt, Barbara. <i>Mark Twain Uniform Editions, Chapter 17, Pudd'nhead Wilson</i>. Twainquotes.com.<a href=https://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh17.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Schmidt, Barbara. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions, Chapter 17, Pudd'nhead Wilson". <i>Twainquotes.com</i>.<a href=https://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh17.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
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     <p>&lt;strong&gt;Edward Windsor Kemble, Illustrator&lt;/strong&gt;
     <p></p>
 
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&lt;strong&gt;Edward Windsor Kemble&lt;/strong&gt; (b. 1861 - d. 1933) &lt;br&gt;was born in Sacramento, California, the son of Edward Cleveland Kemble who founded the &lt;em&gt;San Francisco Alta California&lt;/em&gt;. His first attempts at drawing were those of Indians drawn when he was about eleven years old and traveling with his father throughout the West. In the winter of 1880-1881 he attended class in New York at the Art Students&#x27; League. After that brief stint, Kemble became largely self-taught and obtained a job as a cartoonist at New York&#x27;s &lt;em&gt;Daily Graphic&lt;/em&gt;. When &lt;em&gt;Life &lt;/em&gt;magazine was founded in 1883 he became a contributor to that publication. When Clemens saw some of his Negro drawings in &lt;em&gt;Life&lt;/em&gt; magazine, he recruited him to illustrate the first edition of &lt;em&gt;Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;. After the success of &lt;em&gt;Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Century&lt;/em&gt; magazine made him an offer for all of his work outside of book publications. He remained with &lt;em&gt;Century&lt;/em&gt; until 1891. Kemble died in 1933 with a lengthy list of book illustration work to his credit.
 
In a letter from Kemble to Frank Bliss dated May 16, 1898, Kemble told Bliss he would be happy to join the &quot;goodly company&quot; of artists and provide illustrations for &quot;a volume of Mark Twain.&quot; Bliss had also awarded Kemble the illustrating assignment for the 1899 edition of &lt;em&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;. For &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins&lt;/em&gt;, Kemble provided six new full-page pictures to illustrate the &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt; chapters of the book.
 
One of Kemble&#x27;s illustrations titled &quot;Buckstone Training with the Rum Party&quot; was hand-colored and used as the frontispiece for the 1901 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-f.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Riverdale Edition&lt;/a&gt;.
 
&lt;/td&gt;
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Kemble&#x27;s previous style of depicting black people as unattractive caricatures was unchanged throughout &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt;. His drawings of the central character Roxy, who was only 1/16 black, depict a less attractive woman than the illustrations of her by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Louis Loeb which had appeared in the &lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Century Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; serialization. Kemble&#x27;s image would be the one presented to the greatest number of American readers for years to come and one illustration in particular became the source of scholarly misidentification and misinterpretation.
 
The 1899 edition of &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt; features two illustrations of Roxy, both in the company of blacks. In 1901 American Publishing Company authorized the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-e.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Underwood Edition&lt;/a&gt; which contained fewer illustrations. Only one illustration of Roxy was used and it was featured prominently as a frontispiece. The decision to present the below illustration as the first one a reader would see was repeated by Harper and Brothers in subsequent uniform editions. It has been a source of misunderstanding for critics who were not adept at reading the picture and who never had an opportunity to see Kemble&#x27;s other illustration of Roxy.One of the most prominent Mark Twain scholars to criticize Kemble for misinterpretating Mark Twain&#x27;s work was Leslie Fiedler. In Fiedler&#x27;s review titled &quot;As Free as Any Cretur...&quot; published in &lt;em&gt;The New Republic&lt;/em&gt; in August 1955 he wrote that the image of Roxy that Twain created was &quot;a portrait so complex and unforeseen that the baffled illustrator for the authorized standard edition chose to ignore it completely, drawing in the place of a &#x27;majestic...rosy...comely&#x27; Roxana--a gross and comic Aunt Jemima.&quot;
 
In 1987 Martha Banta followed Fiedler&#x27;s lead in her work &lt;em&gt;Imaging American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History &lt;/em&gt;writing:
 
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Kemble did not draw the Roxy Mark Twain portrays. He set down the accepted fictions, &quot;the orthodox opinions,&quot; governing turn-of-the-century identification of inferior racial types. A stroke of Kemble&#x27;s pen wipes out the verbal irony by which Mark Twain set up cross-currents among what Roxy looks like, her bottom-nature, and the racial tag placed upon her by society (Banta, p. 182).
 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
One of the most cogent discussions of the Kemble misinterpretations is by Werner Sollors in his essay &quot;Was Roxy Black?&quot; published in &lt;em&gt;Mixed Race Literature&lt;/em&gt; (2002), edited by Jonathan Brennan. Sollors suggests that Kemble may have &quot;hidden&quot; Roxy in &quot;Harvesting Among the Kitchens&quot; as a conscious way of honoring Mark Twain&#x27;s sentence &quot;From Roxy&#x27;s manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, but she was not&quot; (Brennan, p. 82). As a result of publishing decisions to cut illustrations, a number of readers have been guilty of their own hasty stereotyping when glancing at the Kemble frontispiece. No evidence has been found that Mark Twain commented on the usage of &quot;Roxy Harvesting Among the Kitchens&quot; as a frontispiece for the Underwood or subsequent Harper editions. The ensuing controversy the illustration caused is one that he would likely have enjoyed.
 
Further discussion of Kemble&#x27;s illustrations is available online at the University of Virginia website in an article titled &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/pwillshp.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;</p>
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations race_and_representation">
   <h3>Wonham, Henry B. <i>Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism</i>. Oxford UP, 2004.</h3>
   <h3>Wonham, Henry B. <i>Playing the Races: Ethnic Caricature and American Literary Realism</i>. Oxford UP, 2004.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
     <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
 
   </div>
   </div>
 


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   <div class="notes hidden">
   <div class="notes hidden">
     <p>Introduction: the age of caricature, the age of realism -- William Dean Howells and the touch of exaggeration which typifies -- &quot;I want a real coon&quot;: Twain and ethnic caricature -- A Jamesian art to be cultivated -- Edith Wharton&#x27;s flamboyant copy -- The &quot;curious realism&quot; of Charles Chesnutt</p>
     <p></p>
   </div>
   </div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w adventures_of_huckleberry_finn book_illustrations mark_twain">
   <h3>David, Beverly R., and Ray Sapirstein. "Reading the Illustrations in <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Oxford UP, 1996, pp. 33–40.</h3>
   <h3>David, Beverly R., and Ray Sapirstein. "Reading the Illustrations in <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Oxford UP, 1996, pp. 33–40.</h3>


   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
  <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w book_illustrations mark_twain">
  <h3>Anderson, Douglas. "Reading the Pictures of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Arizona Quarterly</i>, 42, Summer, 1986, pp. 101–118.</h3>
  <h3>Anderson, Douglas. "Reading the Pictures of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>Arizona Quarterly</i>, 42, Summer, 1986, pp. 101–118.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain race_and_representation">
<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Representing Jim, 1885–1985</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/jiminpix.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Representing Jim, 1885–1985</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/jiminpix.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn mark_twain">


<h3>Martin, Adam. See "Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations." <i>The Atlantic</i>, 12 May 2011.<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/2011/05/see-lost-huck-finn-illustrations-edward-ardizzone/350604">🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Martin, Adam. See "Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations." <i>The Atlantic</i>, 12 May 2011.<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/2011/05/see-lost-huck-finn-illustrations-edward-ardizzone/350604">🔗</a>.</h3>
   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
     <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
 
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer mark_twain">
   <h3>Clark, Beverly Lyon. <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism</i>. Norton, 2007.</h3>
   <h3>Clark, Beverly Lyon. <i>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism</i>. Norton, 2007.</h3>


   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
     <span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<!-- 29 -->
<!-- 29 -->
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="race_and_representation caricatures_and_cartoons">
   <h3>Boime, Albert. <i>The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Smithsonian, 1990.</h3>
   <h3>Boime, Albert. <i>The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Smithsonian, 1990.<a href=https://archive.org/details/artofexclusionre0000boim/mode/2up>🔗</a>.</h3>


   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
    <span class="tag">untagged</span>
    <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
<span class="tag">caricatures and cartoons</span>
 
   </div>
   </div>


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<!-- 30 -->
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain adventures_of_huckleberry_finn race_and_representation
">
<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>The Evasion Will be Illustrated</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/HFEvasionIllus.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>The Evasion Will be Illustrated</i>. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.<a href=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/HFEvasionIllus.html>🔗</a>.</h3>
   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
<span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<!-- 31 -->
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations captions">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations captions race_and_representation caricatures_and_cartoons">
<h3>Anspaugh, Kelly. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Illustrations to <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>American Literary Realism</i>, 25, 2, 1993, pp. 16–30.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746526>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>Anspaugh, Kelly. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Illustrations to <i>Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>." <i>American Literary Realism</i>, 25, 2, 1993, pp. 16–30.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746526>🔗</a>.</h3>
   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
<span class="tag">captions</span>
    <span class="tag">caricatures and cartoons</span>
  </div>
</div>
 
    
    


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="american_magazines">
   <h3>Gneiting, Teona T. "The Pencil&#x27;s Role in <i>Vanity Fair</i>." <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>, 39, 2, 1976, pp. 171–202.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816940>🔗</a>.</h3>
   <h3>Gneiting, Teona T. "The Pencil's Role in <i>Vanity Fair</i>." <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>, 39, 2, 1976, pp. 171–202.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816940>🔗</a>.</h3>


   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
     <span class="tag">American magazines</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations race_and_representation">
   <h3>David, Beverly R. "The Pictorial <i>Huck Finn</i>: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." <i>American Quarterly</i>, 26, 4, 1974, pp. 331–351.</h3>
   <h3>David, Beverly R. "The Pictorial <i>Huck Finn</i>: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." <i>American Quarterly</i>, 26, 4, 1974, pp. 331–351.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
  <span class="tag">race and representation</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthurs_court the_innocents_abroad mark_twain race_and_representation">
<h3>David, Beverly R. "The Relationship of Kemble’s Illustrations to Mark Twain’s Text: Using Pictures to Teach <i>Huck Finn</i>." <i>Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom</i>, edited by James S. Leonard, Duke UP, 1999, pp. 216–229.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv111jjk2.18>🔗</a>.</h3>
<h3>David, Beverly R. "The Relationship of Kemble's Illustrations to Mark Twain's Text: Using Pictures to Teach <i>Huck Finn</i>." <i>Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom</i>, edited by James S. Leonard, Duke UP, 1999, pp. 216–229.<a href=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv111jjk2.18>🔗</a>.</h3>


   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
<span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur&#x27;s Court</span>
<span class="tag">The Innocents Abroad</span>
<span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain race_and_representation">
<h3>Martin, Francis, Jr. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." <i>Journal of Popular Culture</i>, 40, 4, 2007, pp. 655–682.</h3>
<h3>Martin, Francis, Jr. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." <i>Journal of Popular Culture</i>, 40, 4, 2007, pp. 655–682.</h3>


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     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>
 
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain kemble_edward_w race_and_representation">


<h3>Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy Black? Race as Stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar." <i>Mixed Race Literature</i>, edited by Jonathan Brennan, Stanford UP, 2002, pp. 70–87.</h3>
<h3>Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy Black? Race as Stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar." <i>Mixed Race Literature</i>, edited by Jonathan Brennan, Stanford UP, 2002, pp. 70–87.</h3>


   <div class="bib-tags">
   <div class="bib-tags">
     <span class="tag">untagged</span>
     <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
<span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
<span class="tag">race and representation</span>
 
   </div>
   </div>


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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="brown_walter_f a_tramp_abroad">
<h3>Effgen, Alex Brink. "'Young' Walter F. Brown: Before, During, and After <i>A Tramp Abroad</i>." <i>The Mark Twain Annual</i>, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2015), pp. 63–77. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5325/marktwaij.13.1.0063">🔗</a>.</h3>
<div class="bib-tags">
<span class="tag">A Tramp Abroad</span>
<span class="tag">Brown, Walter F.</span>
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<p>This paper explores the work of artist Walter Frances Brown (1853–1929), a primary illustrator for Mark Twain's <i>A Tramp Abroad</i> (1880). Examining Brown's work from the start of his career through <i>A Tramp Abroad</i> reveals parallels in the careers of both men. Brown and Twain shared a regard for irreverence of expression, even when subject to higher authorities of taste and propriety. Both men also relished an inside joke, or personal reference, in their media. Expanding on Beverly David's research, this paper examines the greater context of Brown's contribution to <i>A Tramp Abroad</i>, revealing the precedent of artistic allusion within examples of his illustration.</p>
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<div class="notes hidden">
<p></p>
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">
<h3>Chappell, Warren. "Tom Sawyer and the Illustrators." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 19–25. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41641546">🔗</a>.</h3>
<div class="bib-tags">
<span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
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<div class="abstract hidden">
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<p></p>
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="williams_true_w">
<h3>Schmidt, Barbara. "The Life and Art of True W. Williams." <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2001), pp. 1–60. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41641516">🔗</a>.</h3>
<div class="bib-tags">
<span class="tag">Williams, True W.</span>
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<p>No abstract available.</p>
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<p></p>
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<div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthurs_court beard_daniel_carter">
 
  <h3>Schmidt, Barbara. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch. 19, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.&rdquo; <i>Twainquotes.com</i>.<a href="https://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh19.html">🔗</a>.</h3>
 
  <div class="bib-tags">
    <span class="tag">Mark Twain</span>
    <span class="tag">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court</span>
    <span class="tag">Beard, Daniel Carter</span>
  </div>


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Nölle-Fischer, Karen. "Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations." Revue française d’études américaines, 17, 1, 1983, pp. 265–282.🔗.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Mark Twain

Clark, Beverly Lyon. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. Norton, 2007.

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Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. Smithsonian, 1990.🔗.

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Railton, Stephen. The Evasion Will be Illustrated. Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.🔗.

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Anspaugh, Kelly. "The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble's Illustrations to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." American Literary Realism, 25, 2, 1993, pp. 16–30.🔗.

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Gneiting, Teona T. "The Pencil's Role in Vanity Fair." Huntington Library Quarterly, 39, 2, 1976, pp. 171–202.🔗.

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David, Beverly R. "The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble." American Quarterly, 26, 4, 1974, pp. 331–351.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain race and representation

David, Beverly R. "The Relationship of Kemble's Illustrations to Mark Twain's Text: Using Pictures to Teach Huck Finn." Making Mark Twain Work in the Classroom, edited by James S. Leonard, Duke UP, 1999, pp. 216–229.🔗.

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Martin, Francis, Jr. "To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art." Journal of Popular Culture, 40, 4, 2007, pp. 655–682.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain race and representation

Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy Black? Race as Stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar." Mixed Race Literature, edited by Jonathan Brennan, Stanford UP, 2002, pp. 70–87.

Mark Twain Kemble, Edward W. race and representation

Effgen, Alex Brink. "'Young' Walter F. Brown: Before, During, and After A Tramp Abroad." The Mark Twain Annual, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2015), pp. 63–77. 🔗.

A Tramp Abroad Brown, Walter F.

Chappell, Warren. "Tom Sawyer and the Illustrators." Mark Twain Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 19–25. 🔗.

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Schmidt, Barbara. "The Life and Art of True W. Williams." Mark Twain Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2001), pp. 1–60. 🔗.

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Schmidt, Barbara. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch. 19, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.” Twainquotes.com.🔗.

Mark Twain A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Beard, Daniel Carter

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