Revision as of 02:43, 22 May 2026

Relevant Literature

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Gannon, Susan R., and Clark, Beverly Lyon. "'200 Rattling Pictures': True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". 2007.

Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Wonham, Henry B., and Wonham, Henry B.. "'I Want a Real Coon': Twain and Ethnic Caricature". 2004.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Caricatures and cartoons Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Newell, Kate. 'You don't know about me without you have read a book': Authenticity in Adaptations of 'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'. Literature/Film Quarterly. 2013.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Holt, Elvin. A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice. Studies in American Humor. 1986.

Kemble, Edward W. illustrations

(No abstract available)

Sonstegard, Adam. Artistic liberty and slave imagery: ‘Mark Twain's illustrator,' E. W. Kemble, turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Nineteenth-Century Literature.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Leonard, James S. et al.. Author-ity and textuality: current views of collaborative writing. 1994.

Authorship Collaboration

(No abstract available)

Pereira, Nilce M.. Book illustration as (intersemiotic) translation: pictures translating words. Meta. 2008.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Kinghorn, Norton D.. E. W. Kemble's Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for 'Huckleberry Finn'. Mark Twain Journal.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Railton, Stephen. "Illustrating _Pudd'nhead_".

Kemble, Edward W. Pudd'nhead Wilson abstract example notes example

this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract

Railton, Stephen. "Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble". Illustrating Huck Homepage.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

(No abstract available)

unknown. "Illustrating Pudd'nhead".

untagged

(No abstract available)

unknown. "Illustrating Pudd'nhead".

untagged

(No abstract available)

Dumas, Frédéric. Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress. ILCEA [Revue de l’Institut des langues et cultures d'Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie]. 2021.

Mark Twain Roughing It book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Teutsch, Matthew. "Illustrations in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”". Interminable Rambling.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

(No abstract available)

Barclay, Donald A.. Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators' Visions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Horn Book Magazine. 1992.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Briden, Earl F.. Kemble's 'Specialty' and the Pictorial Countertext of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain Journal. 1988.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Inge, M. Thomas et al.. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard's Collaborative Connecticut Yankee". 1994.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

David, Beverly R.. Mark Twain and his illustrators. 1986.

book illustrations

(No abstract available)

David, Beverly R.. Mark Twain and his illustrators. 2001.

book illustrations

(No abstract available)

David, Beverly R.. Mark Twain and the Legends for "Huckleberry Finn". American Literary Realism.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Schmidt, Barbara. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch 17--Pudd'nhead Wilson". Twainquotes.com.

untagged

(No abstract available)

Edward Windsor Kemble, Illustrator <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Edward Windsor Kemble (b. 1861 - d. 1933) was born in Sacramento, California, the son of Edward Cleveland Kemble who founded the San Francisco Alta California. His first attempts at drawing were those of Indians drawn when he was about eleven years old and traveling with his father throughout the West. In the winter of 1880-1881 he attended class in New York at the Art Students' League. After that brief stint, Kemble became largely self-taught and obtained a job as a cartoonist at New York's Daily Graphic. When Life magazine was founded in 1883 he became a contributor to that publication. When Clemens saw some of his Negro drawings in Life magazine, he recruited him to illustrate the first edition of Huckleberry Finn. After the success of Huckleberry Finn, Century magazine made him an offer for all of his work outside of book publications. He remained with Century until 1891. Kemble died in 1933 with a lengthy list of book illustration work to his credit. In a letter from Kemble to Frank Bliss dated May 16, 1898, Kemble told Bliss he would be happy to join the "goodly company" of artists and provide illustrations for "a volume of Mark Twain." Bliss had also awarded Kemble the illustrating assignment for the 1899 edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For Pudd'nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins, Kemble provided six new full-page pictures to illustrate the Pudd'nhead Wilson chapters of the book. One of Kemble's illustrations titled "Buckstone Training with the Rum Party" was hand-colored and used as the frontispiece for the 1901 <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-f.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Riverdale Edition</a>. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Kemble's previous style of depicting black people as unattractive caricatures was unchanged throughout Pudd'nhead Wilson. His drawings of the central character Roxy, who was only 1/16 black, depict a less attractive woman than the illustrations of her by <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Louis Loeb which had appeared in the </a><a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Century Magazine</a> serialization. Kemble's image would be the one presented to the greatest number of American readers for years to come and one illustration in particular became the source of scholarly misidentification and misinterpretation. The 1899 edition of Pudd'nhead Wilson features two illustrations of Roxy, both in the company of blacks. In 1901 American Publishing Company authorized the <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-e.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Underwood Edition</a> which contained fewer illustrations. Only one illustration of Roxy was used and it was featured prominently as a frontispiece. The decision to present the below illustration as the first one a reader would see was repeated by Harper and Brothers in subsequent uniform editions. It has been a source of misunderstanding for critics who were not adept at reading the picture and who never had an opportunity to see Kemble's other illustration of Roxy.One of the most prominent Mark Twain scholars to criticize Kemble for misinterpretating Mark Twain's work was Leslie Fiedler. In Fiedler's review titled "As Free as Any Cretur..." published in The New Republic in August 1955 he wrote that the image of Roxy that Twain created was "a portrait so complex and unforeseen that the baffled illustrator for the authorized standard edition chose to ignore it completely, drawing in the place of a 'majestic...rosy...comely' Roxana--a gross and comic Aunt Jemima." In 1987 Martha Banta followed Fiedler's lead in her work Imaging American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History writing: <blockquote> Kemble did not draw the Roxy Mark Twain portrays. He set down the accepted fictions, "the orthodox opinions," governing turn-of-the-century identification of inferior racial types. A stroke of Kemble's pen wipes out the verbal irony by which Mark Twain set up cross-currents among what Roxy looks like, her bottom-nature, and the racial tag placed upon her by society (Banta, p. 182). </blockquote> One of the most cogent discussions of the Kemble misinterpretations is by Werner Sollors in his essay "Was Roxy Black?" published in Mixed Race Literature (2002), edited by Jonathan Brennan. Sollors suggests that Kemble may have "hidden" Roxy in "Harvesting Among the Kitchens" as a conscious way of honoring Mark Twain's sentence "From Roxy's manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, but she was not" (Brennan, p. 82). As a result of publishing decisions to cut illustrations, a number of readers have been guilty of their own hasty stereotyping when glancing at the Kemble frontispiece. No evidence has been found that Mark Twain commented on the usage of "Roxy Harvesting Among the Kitchens" as a frontispiece for the Underwood or subsequent Harper editions. The ensuing controversy the illustration caused is one that he would likely have enjoyed. Further discussion of Kemble's illustrations is available online at the University of Virginia website in an article titled "<a href="http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/pwillshp.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Illustrating Pudd'nhead</a>."

Wonham, Henry B.. Playing the races: ethnic caricature and American literary realism. 2004.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Caricatures and cartoons Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

David, Berverly R. et al.. "Reading the illustrations in Huckleberry Finn". 1996.

Kemble, Edward W.

(No abstract available)

Anderson, Douglas. Reading the Pictures of Huckleberry Finn. Arizona Quarterly. 1986.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

(No abstract available)

Railton, Stephen. "Representing Jim, 1885-1985". Illustrating Huck Homepage.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

(No abstract available)

Martin, Adam. "See Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations". The Atlantic. 2011.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher's desk

Nölle-Fischer, Karen. Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations. Revue française d’études américaines. 1983.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Clark, Beverly Lyon. The adventures of Tom Sawyer: authoritative text, backgrounds and contexts, criticism. 2007.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

(No abstract available)

Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. 1990.

untagged

(No abstract available)

Railton, Stephen. "The evasion will be illustrated". Illustrating Huck Homepage.

untagged

(No abstract available)

Anspaugh, Kelly. The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble's Illustrations to 'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'. American Literary Realism.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Gneiting, Teona Tone. The Pencil's Role in "Vanity Fair". Huntington Library Quarterly. 1976.

untagged

(No abstract available)

David, Beverly R.. The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble. American Quarterly.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

David, Beverly R., and Leonard, Tames S.. "The relationship of Kemble’s illustrations to Mark Twain’s text: using pictures to teach Huck Finn". 1999.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W.

(No abstract available)

Martin, Francis, Jr.. To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art. The Journal of Popular Culture. 2007.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Kemble, Edward W. Mark Twain book illustrations

(No abstract available)

Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy black? Race as stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar". 2002.

untagged

(No abstract available)

Bibliography2: Difference between revisions

From Illustrations in German Translations of Mark Twain's Works

Revision as of 02:43, 22 May 2026

Relevant Literature

Gannon, Susan R., and Clark, Beverly Lyon. "'200 Rattling Pictures': True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". 2007.

Wonham, Henry B., and Wonham, Henry B.. "'I Want a Real Coon': Twain and Ethnic Caricature". 2004.

Newell, Kate. 'You don't know about me without you have read a book': Authenticity in Adaptations of 'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'. Literature/Film Quarterly. 2013.

Holt, Elvin. A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice. Studies in American Humor. 1986.

Sonstegard, Adam. Artistic liberty and slave imagery: ‘Mark Twain's illustrator,' E. W. Kemble, turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Nineteenth-Century Literature.

Leonard, James S. et al.. Author-ity and textuality: current views of collaborative writing. 1994.

Pereira, Nilce M.. Book illustration as (intersemiotic) translation: pictures translating words. Meta. 2008.

Kinghorn, Norton D.. E. W. Kemble's Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for 'Huckleberry Finn'. Mark Twain Journal.

Railton, Stephen. "Illustrating _Pudd'nhead_".

Railton, Stephen. "Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble". Illustrating Huck Homepage.

unknown. "Illustrating Pudd'nhead".

unknown. "Illustrating Pudd'nhead".

Dumas, Frédéric. Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress. ILCEA [Revue de l’Institut des langues et cultures d'Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie]. 2021.

Teutsch, Matthew. "Illustrations in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”". Interminable Rambling.

Barclay, Donald A.. Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators' Visions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Horn Book Magazine. 1992.

Briden, Earl F.. Kemble's 'Specialty' and the Pictorial Countertext of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain Journal. 1988.

Inge, M. Thomas et al.. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard's Collaborative Connecticut Yankee". 1994.

David, Beverly R.. Mark Twain and his illustrators. 1986.

David, Beverly R.. Mark Twain and his illustrators. 2001.

David, Beverly R.. Mark Twain and the Legends for "Huckleberry Finn". American Literary Realism.

Schmidt, Barbara. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch 17--Pudd'nhead Wilson". Twainquotes.com.

Wonham, Henry B.. Playing the races: ethnic caricature and American literary realism. 2004.

David, Berverly R. et al.. "Reading the illustrations in Huckleberry Finn". 1996.

Anderson, Douglas. Reading the Pictures of Huckleberry Finn. Arizona Quarterly. 1986.

Railton, Stephen. "Representing Jim, 1885-1985". Illustrating Huck Homepage.

Martin, Adam. "See Edward Ardizzone's Lost 'Huck Finn' Illustrations". The Atlantic. 2011.

Nölle-Fischer, Karen. Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations. Revue française d’études américaines. 1983.

Clark, Beverly Lyon. The adventures of Tom Sawyer: authoritative text, backgrounds and contexts, criticism. 2007.

Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. 1990.

Railton, Stephen. "The evasion will be illustrated". Illustrating Huck Homepage.

Anspaugh, Kelly. The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble's Illustrations to 'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'. American Literary Realism.

Gneiting, Teona Tone. The Pencil's Role in "Vanity Fair". Huntington Library Quarterly. 1976.

David, Beverly R.. The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble. American Quarterly.

David, Beverly R., and Leonard, Tames S.. "The relationship of Kemble’s illustrations to Mark Twain’s text: using pictures to teach Huck Finn". 1999.

Martin, Francis, Jr.. To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art. The Journal of Popular Culture. 2007.

Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy black? Race as stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar". 2002.

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 <!-- 1 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Gannon, Susan R., and Clark, Beverly Lyon. "&#x27;200 Rattling Pictures&#x27;: True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". 2007.</h3>
-   <h3>Gannon, Susan R. and Clark, Beverly Lyon. "&#x27;200 Rattling Pictures&#x27;: True Williams and the Imagetext of the First American Edition of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". 2007.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 26: / Line 25: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 2 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Wonham, Henry B., and Wonham, Henry B.. "&#x27;I Want a Real Coon&#x27;: Twain and Ethnic Caricature". 2004.</h3>
-   <h3>Wonham, Henry B. and Wonham, Henry B.. "&#x27;I Want a Real Coon&#x27;: Twain and Ethnic Caricature". 2004.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 62: / Line 64: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 68: / Line 70: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 3 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
    <h3>Newell, Kate. <i>&#x27;You don&#x27;t know about me without you have read a book&#x27;: Authenticity in Adaptations of &#x27;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&#x27;</i>. <i>Literature/Film Quarterly</i>. 2013.</h3>
@@ Line 83: / Line 84: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 4 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w illustrations">
    <h3>Holt, Elvin. <i>A Coon Alphabet and the Comic Mask of Racial Prejudice</i>. <i>Studies in American Humor</i>. 1986.</h3>
@@ Line 109: / Line 111: @@
      <span class="tag">illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 5 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Sonstegard, Adam. <i>Artistic liberty and slave imagery: ‘Mark Twain&#x27;s illustrator,&#x27; E. W. Kemble, turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe</i>. <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Sonstegard, Adam. <i>Artistic liberty and slave imagery: ‘Mark Twain&#x27;s illustrator,&#x27; E. W. Kemble, turns to Harriet Beecher Stowe</i>. <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>. 2009. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.499" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 137: / Line 140: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 6 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="authorship collaboration">
    <h3>Leonard, James S. et al.. <i>Author-ity and textuality: current views of collaborative writing</i>. 1994.</h3>
@@ Line 163: / Line 167: @@
      <span class="tag">Collaboration</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 170: / Line 176: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 7 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Pereira, Nilce M.. <i>Book illustration as (intersemiotic) translation: pictures translating words</i>. <i>Meta</i>. 2008.</h3>
-   <h3>Pereira, Nilce M.. <i>Book illustration as (intersemiotic) translation: pictures translating words</i>. <i>Meta</i>. 2008. <a href="http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/017977ar" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 190: / Line 195: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 8 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Kinghorn, Norton D.. <i>E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for &#x27;Huckleberry Finn&#x27;</i>. <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Kinghorn, Norton D.. <i>E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Misplaced Modifier: A Note on the Illustrations for &#x27;Huckleberry Finn&#x27;</i>. <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>. 1973. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41640965" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 218: / Line 224: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 9 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w puddnhead_wilson abstract_example notes_example">
+   <h3>Railton, Stephen. "Illustrating _Pudd&#x27;nhead_".</h3>
-   <h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating _Pudd&#x27;nhead_</i>. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 246: / Line 253: @@
      <span class="tag">notes example</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract this is a test abstract</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>this is a test note</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 10 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
+   <h3>Railton, Stephen. "Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble". <i>Illustrating Huck Homepage</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Illustrating Huckleberry Finn: E. W. Kemble</i>. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/hucillhp.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
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      <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Mark Twain in His Times Project. Accessed 19 February 2026.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 11 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+   <h3>unknown. "Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead".</h3>
-   <h3>unknown. "Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead". <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
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+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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+     <p>No abstract available</p>
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      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 12 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+   <h3>unknown. "Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead".</h3>
-   <h3>unknown. "Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead". <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/wilson/pwillshp.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
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+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
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    </div>
@@ Line 335: / Line 347: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 13 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="mark_twain roughing_it book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Dumas, Frédéric. <i>Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress</i>. <i>ILCEA [Revue de l’Institut des langues et cultures d&#x27;Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie]</i>. 2021.</h3>
-   <h3>Dumas, Frédéric. <i>Illustration and Imagination: Mark Twain’s Roughing It and John Gast’s American Progress</i>. <i>ILCEA [Revue de l’Institut des langues et cultures d&#x27;Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie]</i>. 2021. <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/ilcea/13250" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 349: / Line 360: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 356: / Line 369: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 362: / Line 375: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 14 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
+   <h3>Teutsch, Matthew. "Illustrations in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”". <i>Interminable Rambling</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Teutsch, Matthew. <i>Illustrations in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”</i>. <a href="https://interminablerambling.com/2018/10/18/10351/" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 375: / Line 387: @@
      <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 382: / Line 396: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 388: / Line 402: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 15 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
    <h3>Barclay, Donald A.. <i>Interpreted Well Enough: Two Illustrators&#x27; Visions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i>. <i>Horn Book Magazine</i>. 1992.</h3>
@@ Line 403: / Line 416: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 410: / Line 425: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 416: / Line 431: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 16 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
    <h3>Briden, Earl F.. <i>Kemble&#x27;s &#x27;Specialty&#x27; and the Pictorial Countertext of Huckleberry Finn</i>. <i>Mark Twain Journal</i>. 1988.</h3>
@@ Line 431: / Line 445: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 438: / Line 454: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 444: / Line 460: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 17 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthurs_court mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Inge, M. Thomas et al.. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard&#x27;s Collaborative Connecticut Yankee". 1994.</h3>
-   <h3>Inge, M. Thomas et al.. "Mark Twain and Dan Beard&#x27;s Collaborative Connecticut Yankee". 1994. <a href="https://archive.org/details/authoritytextual0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 458: / Line 473: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 465: / Line 482: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 471: / Line 488: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 18 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="book_illustrations">
+   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>Mark Twain and his illustrators</i>. 1986.</h3>
-   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>Mark Twain and his illustrators</i>. 1986. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy032/85051269.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 490: / Line 508: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 496: / Line 514: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 19 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="book_illustrations">
+   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>Mark Twain and his illustrators</i>. 2001.</h3>
-   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>Mark Twain and his illustrators</i>. 2001. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy032/85051269.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 515: / Line 534: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 521: / Line 540: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 20 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>Mark Twain and the Legends for &quot;Huckleberry Finn&quot;</i>. <i>American Literary Realism</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>Mark Twain and the Legends for &quot;Huckleberry Finn&quot;</i>. <i>American Literary Realism</i>. 1982. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746050" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 536: / Line 554: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 543: / Line 563: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 549: / Line 569: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 21 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+   <h3>Schmidt, Barbara. "Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch 17--Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson". <i>Twainquotes.com</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Schmidt, Barbara. <i>Mark Twain Uniform Editions--Ch 17--Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson</i>. <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh17.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 568: / Line 589: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>&lt;strong&gt;Edward Windsor Kemble, Illustrator&lt;/strong&gt;
+&lt;table&gt;
+&lt;tbody&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td&gt;
+&lt;strong&gt;Edward Windsor Kemble&lt;/strong&gt; (b. 1861 - d. 1933) &lt;br&gt;was born in Sacramento, California, the son of Edward Cleveland Kemble who founded the &lt;em&gt;San Francisco Alta California&lt;/em&gt;. His first attempts at drawing were those of Indians drawn when he was about eleven years old and traveling with his father throughout the West. In the winter of 1880-1881 he attended class in New York at the Art Students&#x27; League. After that brief stint, Kemble became largely self-taught and obtained a job as a cartoonist at New York&#x27;s &lt;em&gt;Daily Graphic&lt;/em&gt;. When &lt;em&gt;Life &lt;/em&gt;magazine was founded in 1883 he became a contributor to that publication. When Clemens saw some of his Negro drawings in &lt;em&gt;Life&lt;/em&gt; magazine, he recruited him to illustrate the first edition of &lt;em&gt;Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;. After the success of &lt;em&gt;Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Century&lt;/em&gt; magazine made him an offer for all of his work outside of book publications. He remained with &lt;em&gt;Century&lt;/em&gt; until 1891. Kemble died in 1933 with a lengthy list of book illustration work to his credit.
+In a letter from Kemble to Frank Bliss dated May 16, 1898, Kemble told Bliss he would be happy to join the &quot;goodly company&quot; of artists and provide illustrations for &quot;a volume of Mark Twain.&quot; Bliss had also awarded Kemble the illustrating assignment for the 1899 edition of &lt;em&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/em&gt;. For &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins&lt;/em&gt;, Kemble provided six new full-page pictures to illustrate the &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt; chapters of the book.
+One of Kemble&#x27;s illustrations titled &quot;Buckstone Training with the Rum Party&quot; was hand-colored and used as the frontispiece for the 1901 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-f.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Riverdale Edition&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+Kemble&#x27;s previous style of depicting black people as unattractive caricatures was unchanged throughout &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt;. His drawings of the central character Roxy, who was only 1/16 black, depict a less attractive woman than the illustrations of her by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Louis Loeb which had appeared in the &lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/Roxy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Century Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; serialization. Kemble&#x27;s image would be the one presented to the greatest number of American readers for years to come and one illustration in particular became the source of scholarly misidentification and misinterpretation.
+The 1899 edition of &lt;em&gt;Pudd&#x27;nhead Wilson&lt;/em&gt; features two illustrations of Roxy, both in the company of blacks. In 1901 American Publishing Company authorized the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twainquotes.com/UniformEds/UniformEdsCh4-e.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Underwood Edition&lt;/a&gt; which contained fewer illustrations. Only one illustration of Roxy was used and it was featured prominently as a frontispiece. The decision to present the below illustration as the first one a reader would see was repeated by Harper and Brothers in subsequent uniform editions. It has been a source of misunderstanding for critics who were not adept at reading the picture and who never had an opportunity to see Kemble&#x27;s other illustration of Roxy.One of the most prominent Mark Twain scholars to criticize Kemble for misinterpretating Mark Twain&#x27;s work was Leslie Fiedler. In Fiedler&#x27;s review titled &quot;As Free as Any Cretur...&quot; published in &lt;em&gt;The New Republic&lt;/em&gt; in August 1955 he wrote that the image of Roxy that Twain created was &quot;a portrait so complex and unforeseen that the baffled illustrator for the authorized standard edition chose to ignore it completely, drawing in the place of a &#x27;majestic...rosy...comely&#x27; Roxana--a gross and comic Aunt Jemima.&quot;
+In 1987 Martha Banta followed Fiedler&#x27;s lead in her work &lt;em&gt;Imaging American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History &lt;/em&gt;writing:
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+Kemble did not draw the Roxy Mark Twain portrays. He set down the accepted fictions, &quot;the orthodox opinions,&quot; governing turn-of-the-century identification of inferior racial types. A stroke of Kemble&#x27;s pen wipes out the verbal irony by which Mark Twain set up cross-currents among what Roxy looks like, her bottom-nature, and the racial tag placed upon her by society (Banta, p. 182).
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+One of the most cogent discussions of the Kemble misinterpretations is by Werner Sollors in his essay &quot;Was Roxy Black?&quot; published in &lt;em&gt;Mixed Race Literature&lt;/em&gt; (2002), edited by Jonathan Brennan. Sollors suggests that Kemble may have &quot;hidden&quot; Roxy in &quot;Harvesting Among the Kitchens&quot; as a conscious way of honoring Mark Twain&#x27;s sentence &quot;From Roxy&#x27;s manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, but she was not&quot; (Brennan, p. 82). As a result of publishing decisions to cut illustrations, a number of readers have been guilty of their own hasty stereotyping when glancing at the Kemble frontispiece. No evidence has been found that Mark Twain commented on the usage of &quot;Roxy Harvesting Among the Kitchens&quot; as a frontispiece for the Underwood or subsequent Harper editions. The ensuing controversy the illustration caused is one that he would likely have enjoyed.
+Further discussion of Kemble&#x27;s illustrations is available online at the University of Virginia website in an article titled &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/pwillshp.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;Illustrating Pudd&#x27;nhead&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 22 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn caricatures_and_cartoons kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
    <h3>Wonham, Henry B.. <i>Playing the races: ethnic caricature and American literary realism</i>. 2004.</h3>
@@ Line 590: / Line 638: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 597: / Line 647: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Introduction: the age of caricature, the age of realism -- William Dean Howells and the touch of exaggeration which typifies -- &quot;I want a real coon&quot;: Twain and ethnic caricature -- A Jamesian art to be cultivated -- Edith Wharton&#x27;s flamboyant copy -- The &quot;curious realism&quot; of Charles Chesnutt</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 23 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="kemble_edward_w">
    <h3>David, Berverly R. et al.. "Reading the illustrations in Huckleberry Finn". 1996.</h3>
@@ Line 615: / Line 664: @@
      <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 622: / Line 673: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Scholarly material added to the back of the novel; separate pagination from the main text</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 24 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
    <h3>Anderson, Douglas. <i>Reading the Pictures of Huckleberry Finn</i>. <i>Arizona Quarterly</i>. 1986.</h3>
@@ Line 641: / Line 691: @@
      <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 648: / Line 700: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Source: Bibliography in Francis Martin, J R ., “To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art”</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 25 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
+   <h3>Railton, Stephen. "Representing Jim, 1885-1985". <i>Illustrating Huck Homepage</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>Representing Jim, 1885-1985</i>. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/jiminpix.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 667: / Line 718: @@
      <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 674: / Line 727: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 680: / Line 733: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 26 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn">
+   <h3>Martin, Adam. "See Edward Ardizzone&#x27;s Lost &#x27;Huck Finn&#x27; Illustrations". <i>The Atlantic</i>. 2011.</h3>
-   <h3>Martin, Adam. <i>See Edward Ardizzone&#x27;s Lost &#x27;Huck Finn&#x27; Illustrations</i>. 2011. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/05/see-lost-huck-finn-illustrations-edward-ardizzone/350604/" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">Drawings done by the English artist in 1970 were found in a publisher&#x27;s desk</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 705: / Line 759: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 27 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthurs_court mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Nölle-Fischer, Karen. <i>Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations</i>. <i>Revue française d’études américaines</i>. 1983.</h3>
-   <h3>Nölle-Fischer, Karen. <i>Selling Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in America: Marketing and Illustrations</i>. <i>Revue française d’études américaines</i>. 1983. <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rfea_0397-7870_1983_num_17_1_1131" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 719: / Line 772: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 726: / Line 781: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 732: / Line 787: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 28 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="the_adventures_of_tom_sawyer">
    <h3>Clark, Beverly Lyon. <i>The adventures of Tom Sawyer: authoritative text, backgrounds and contexts, criticism</i>. 2007.</h3>
@@ Line 744: / Line 798: @@
      <span class="tag">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 751: / Line 807: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Includes bibliographical references</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 29 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
    <h3>Boime, Albert. <i>The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century</i>. 1990.</h3>
@@ Line 769: / Line 824: @@
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 776: / Line 833: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Source: Bibliography in Francis Martin, Jr., &quot;To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art&quot;</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 30 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+   <h3>Railton, Stephen. "The evasion will be illustrated". <i>Illustrating Huck Homepage</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Railton, Stephen. <i>The evasion will be illustrated</i>. <a href="https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/huckfinn/HFEvasionIllus.html" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 801: / Line 859: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 807: / Line 865: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 31 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>Anspaugh, Kelly. <i>The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Illustrations to &#x27;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&#x27;</i>. <i>American Literary Realism</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>Anspaugh, Kelly. <i>The Innocent Eye? E. W. Kemble&#x27;s Illustrations to &#x27;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&#x27;</i>. <i>American Literary Realism</i>. 1993. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27746526" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 822: / Line 879: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 829: / Line 888: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 835: / Line 894: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 32 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+   <h3>Gneiting, Teona Tone. <i>The Pencil&#x27;s Role in &quot;Vanity Fair&quot;</i>. <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>. 1976.</h3>
-   <h3>Gneiting, Teona Tone. <i>The Pencil&#x27;s Role in &quot;Vanity Fair&quot;</i>. <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>. 1976. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2737771" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 854: / Line 914: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
    <div class="notes hidden">
-     <p>No notes available.</p>
+     <p>Not directly relevant for illustrations in MarK Twain’s work</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 33 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
+   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble</i>. <i>American Quarterly</i>.</h3>
-   <h3>David, Beverly R.. <i>The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble</i>. <i>American Quarterly</i>. 1974.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 875: / Line 934: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 882: / Line 943: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 888: / Line 949: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 34 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w">
+   <h3>David, Beverly R., and Leonard, Tames S.. "The relationship of Kemble’s illustrations to Mark Twain’s text: using pictures to teach Huck Finn". 1999.</h3>
-   <h3>David, Beverly R. and Leonard, Tames S.. "The relationship of Kemble’s illustrations to Mark Twain’s text: using pictures to teach Huck Finn". 1999. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv111jjk2.18" target="_blank">link</a>.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
@@ Line 901: / Line 961: @@
      <span class="tag">Kemble, Edward W.</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
@@ Line 908: / Line 970: @@
    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 914: / Line 976: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 35 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="adventures_of_huckleberry_finn kemble_edward_w mark_twain book_illustrations">
    <h3>Martin, Francis, Jr.. <i>To Ignore Is to Deny: E. W. Kemble’s Racial Caricature as Popular Art</i>. <i>The Journal of Popular Culture</i>. 2007.</h3>
@@ Line 929: / Line 990: @@
      <span class="tag">book illustrations</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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    <div class="abstract hidden">
-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 942: / Line 1,005: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
-</div>
 <!-- 36 -->
 <div class="bib-entry" data-tags="untagged">
+   <h3>Sollors, Werner, and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy black? Race as stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar". 2002.</h3>
-   <h3>Sollors, Werner and Brennan, Jonathan. "Was Roxy black? Race as stereotype in Mark Twain, Edward Windsor Kemble and Paul Laurence Dunbar". 2002.</h3>
    <div class="bib-tags">
      <span class="tag">untagged</span>
    </div>
+  <p class="short-abstract">(No abstract available)</p>
    <div class="button-row">
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-     <p>No abstract available.</p>
+     <p>No abstract available</p>
    </div>
@@ Line 967: / Line 1,031: @@
      <p>No notes available.</p>
    </div>
+</div>
 </div>
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